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Long-term dam safety monitoring of Punt dal Gall arch dam in Switzerland

M. WIELAND, G.F. KIRCHEN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 76-83 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0144-z

摘要： The 130 m high Punt dal Gall dam is located at the Swiss-Italian border in the South-eastern part of Switzerland and was completed in 1969. The dam is founded on highly folded and partially crushed dolomite and limestone formations. A grout curtain with an area of 120,000 m was provided for controlling seepage. For the monitoring of the dam deformations five inverted pendulums were installed in the dam and three in the rock foundation of the right abutment outside of the dam. For a seasonal water level fluctuation in the reservoir of about 60 m the maximum amplitude of the radial displacement is 25 mm, which includes both the effects of the water load and temperature effects. Furthermore a comprehensive geodetic network was established, 57 joint meters were installed and cracks in the crest gallery are monitored by crack meters. There are also thermometers, piezometers and rocmeters. Springs at the left and right banks of the dam are monitored and chemical analyses of the seepage water and springs are performed regularly. The dam is equipped with strong motion instruments and several near-field earthquakes have been recorded in the past. The paper describes the long-term safety monitoring of this 42 years old arch dam. A short description of the Swiss practice in dam safety monitoring and emergency planning is also given.

关键词： dam safety concept arch dam dam instrumentation dam safety monitoring

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Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Martin WIELAND,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 56-64 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0005-6

摘要： Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.

关键词： seismic hazard arch dam concrete face rockfill dam strong motion instrumentation reservoir-triggered seismicity Wenchuan earthquake

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Real time monitoring for analysis of dam stability: Potential of nonlinear elasticity and nonlinear dynamics

T. CHELIDZE, T. MATCHARASHVILI, V. ABASHIDZE, M. KALABEGISHVILI, N. ZHUKOVA

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第2期页码 188-205 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0199-5

摘要： Large dams are complex structures with nonlinear dynamic behavior. Engineers often are forced to assess dam safety based on the available incomplete data, which is extremely difficult. This important problem can be solved with the modern theory of complex systems. It is possible to derive characteristics of the whole unknown dynamics of a structure using few data sets of certain carefully selected representative parameter(s). By means of high quality continuous records of some geotechnical characteristic(s) of a dam and modern methods of time series linear/nonlinear analysis the main dynamical features of the entire, unknown process (here—dam deformation) can be analyzed. ?We created the cost-effective Monitoring Telemetric System for Dam Diagnostics (DAMWATCH), which consists of sensors (tiltmeters), terminal and central controllers connected by the GSM/GPRS Modem to the diagnostic center. The tilt data recorded for varying reservoir level are compared with static design model of dam deformations computed by a finite element method (FEM) for the dam-reservoir-foundation system. Besides, recently developed linear/nonlinear data analysis and prediction schemes may help to quantify fine dynamical features of the dam behavior. The software package DAMTOOL has been developed for this purpose. ?The differences between measured and theoretically predicted response parameters of the dam may signal abnormal behavior of the object. The data obtained already by testing of the DAMWATCH/DAMTOOL system during operation of the high Enguri arc dam and reservoir (Georgia) show interesting long-term and short-term patterns of tilts in the dam body, which can be used for dam diagnostics. The proposed real-time telemetric monitoring (DAMWATCH) complex and linear/nonlinear dynamical analysis system (DAMTOOL) are unique.

关键词： real time monitoring telemetry dam tilts diagnostic tools hysteresis nonlinear dynamics

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Embankment dam foundation analysis for the decrease of internal erosion likelihood

Marc SMITH

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 431-436 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0183-5

摘要： A zoned embankment dam is founded on clay underlain by a sand deposit. Major seepage phenomena were noticed in the foundation downstream from the dam where the vertical seepage forces in the sand layer were expected to exceed the downward forces due to the overlying clay. Modern technologies were applied to delineate critical zones to help design optimal rehabilitation measures. A global electromagnetic survey was carried out to detect and map the main sources, pathways and exits of seepage. Based on these global findings, a more detailed analysis was then conducted to identify zones where thickness of the foundation clay is minimal, pore pressures in sand are higher and thus where the factor of safety against uplift is lower and internal erosion is more likely to occur. Clay thickness evaluation required the determination of land surface as well as clay-sand contact elevations. A laser airborne survey was performed to model the land surface elevation. Data concerning the clay-sand contact elevation came from the interpreted stratigraphy based on a series of boreholes and cone penetration tests. This data was combined in a geostatistical model along with the measured piezometric levels in the foundation. This resulted in a contour map showing factors of safety against uplift over the entire downstream area. The use of modern technologies, namely electromagnetic and laser surveys as well as geostatistical tools, was instrumental in defining the limits of an otherwise spread-out problem and to provide an optimal solution, in terms of costs and effectiveness, for the long-term stabilization of the foundation.

关键词： seepage detection geostatistical analysis dam monitoring internal erosion LIDAR survey

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Digital monitoring and health diagnosis for mechanical equipment operation safety based on fiber Bragg

Zude ZHOU, Desheng JIANG, Quan LIU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第1期页码 5-14 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0011-3

摘要： This paper introduces fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on a fiber optic grating sensor developed to be embedded on mechanical equipment for digital monitoring and health diagnosis. The theoretical and experimental researches on the new-style FBG sensor (FBGS) technology, high-speed demodulation, and data transmission are discussed. The transmission characteristics between the FBG and the detection interface, modeling and compensation method for online distributed multi-parameter digital monitoring and methods for data processing, synchronous sampling, and long-term dynamic digital monitoring using embedded technology are also presented. The acquired information by an FBGS can be used for the optimization of maintenance schedules and refinement of mechanical equipment design. It is a challenge to gather real-time data from components working at high speed and in a severe environment of high temperature, high pressure, and high rotation speed. Currently, there are no sensors or technologies available for digital monitoring and health diagnosis under this rigorous situation for use in mechanical engineering operation safety. As a result, this paper introduces an online distributed and integrated digital monitoring system and health diagnosis. The new principle and new method will contribute to modern measurements in science and technology, mechanical engineering, and large mechanical equipment operation safety.

关键词： fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBGS) mechanical equipment operation safety embedded technology high-speed demodulation digital monitoring health diagnosis

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非常泄洪设施对大坝防洪安全的研究

吴时强,姜树海

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 66-72

摘要：

文章引人随机微分方程，采用泄洪风险分析方法评估水电站采用非常泄洪设施对大坝安全所带来的影响，并结合某一工程设置两条非常泄洪洞的可行性进行论证。在充分分析计算条件对风险率灵敏性的前提下，讨论了调洪方案下两条非常泄洪洞启用的条件及相关的泄洪风险，为导流洞改建方案的确定提供依据。分析结果表明该方案基本维持原设计方案的泄洪风险水平，说明设置非常泄洪设施是可行的。

关键词：大坝安全泄洪风险分析随机微分方程

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采用分布式光纤传感技术的土坝模型渗漏监测分析

朱萍玉,蒋桂林,冷元宝

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第3期页码 82-85

摘要：

建立了采用分布式光纤传感技术的模拟堤坝渗漏监测系统，用来人工模拟土坝渗漏，并得到该种情况下测试光纤长度上的应变图，验证了采用分布式光纤传感技术监测土坝的可行性；运用ANSYS软件建立与试验模型相对应的有限元分析模型，通过选择合适单元，简化边界条件，对一定的工况进行加载分析，得出载荷与应变的关系，以及载荷与塌陷土层重量的关系。文中方法和结论有助于进一步定量研究土坝渗漏大小程度和光纤传感器的合适埋设深度。

关键词：光纤传感技术土坝模型监测应变 ANSYS

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Long-term behavior and safety assessment of Sance Rockfill Dam

Marta DOLEZALOVA, Ivo HLADIK

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 79-89 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0010-9

摘要： Safety assessment of the 62 m high Sance Rockfill Dam based on long-term monitoring results and their simulation by numerical models is presented in the paper. Unexpectedly large settlements and horizontal movements of the crest together with the steep downstream slope questioned the safety of the dam. Calibrated 2D and 3D models fitting the monitoring results were applied for the safety assessment of the dam including slope stability analysis and estimation of the clay core cracking and hydraulic fracturing hazard. The modeling results contributed to the rehabilitation concept and project of the dam.

关键词： rockfill dam path dependence creep calibration cracking hydraulic fracturing hazard

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中国大坝的安全和管理

吴中如

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第6期页码 36-39

摘要：

大坝是我国国民经济建设及社会发展的重要基础设施，提高和加强对大坝的安全认识和管理水平，对充分发挥大坝的作用具有重大意义。本文回顾了中国大坝安全状况，简述了大坝的安全管理，并为提高大坝安全与管理提出了一些认识。

关键词：中国大坝安全管理

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300m 级特高拱坝建设关键技术与实践

王仁坤

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第3期页码 350-359 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.03.012

摘要：

中国于2000 年成功建设二滩拱坝( 高240 m）以来，至2014 年年底已建成7 座坝高超过200 m 的特高拱坝，其中锦屏一级拱坝（高305 m）、小湾拱坝（高294.5 m）、溪洛渡拱坝（高285.5 m）不仅坝高达300 m 级，而且因地质条件复杂，水推力巨大，抗震要求高，在安全控制技术等方面取得了新的突破。本文主要阐述300 m 级特高拱坝的基础可利用岩体及合理建基面、体形优化设计、安全设计准则、抗震研究与抗震措施、复杂地基的典型处理、混凝土及施工期温控防裂等关键技术。

关键词：特高拱坝优化设计整体安全抗震安全混凝土温控

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高心墙堆石坝填筑施工过程实时监控系统研发与应用

崔博,胡连兴,刘东海

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第12期页码 91-96

摘要：

文章针对高心墙堆石坝填筑施工特点，建立了过程控制指标体系，确定了过程监控方法，提出了解决方案，研制开发了具有实时性、高精度、自动化、全天候等特点的大坝填筑施工过程监控系统，实现土石料上坝运输过程、坝面填筑碾压过程的实时监控。该系统应用于亚洲第一高土石坝——糯扎渡心墙堆石坝的施工现场，建立了以监控系统为核心的施工过程控制体系，对大坝填筑施工的主要环节实现精细化的全天候实时监控，有效地控制了大坝填筑施工参数，提高了施工过程的质量控制水平与效率。

关键词：高心墙堆石坝填筑施工过程实时监控上坝运输填筑碾压研发与应用

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高土石坝工程安全评价与预警信息管理系统

张宗亮,于玉贞,张丙印

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第12期页码 33-37

摘要：

基于现场监测数据及先进的数值分析方法，建立土石坝全生命周期的工程安全评价及预警信息系统，是目前土石坝发展的必然趋势。以糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝为依托，开发了理论严密、方法先进且可靠实用的大坝工程安全评价与预警信息管理系统。该系统由系统管理模块、安全指标模块、监测数据与工程信息模块、数值计算模块、反演分析模块、安全预警与应急预案模块和数据库及管理模块共7个模块构成。其中，数值计算和反演分析模块可利用所取得的坝体监测数据，进行渗流、大坝应力变形、坝体裂缝、地震动力反应和坝坡稳定等土石坝关键计算分析，是本系统的核心部分。利用工程前期已经取得的坝体变形监测数据，对坝体进行了变形反演分析并对大坝关键时间结点的形态进行了预测分析。

关键词：糯扎渡水电站大坝安全评价预警信息管理系统反演分析

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三峡升船机横梁支撑系统安全监测及分析

刘新清,何炜

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第9期页码 108-112

摘要：

本文从监测对象的选择、监测项目的确定、监测点的布置以及监测结果的评价等方面详细介绍了三峡升船机横梁支撑系统的安全监测情况。监测项目包括：贝雷架支撑系统在混凝土浇筑前后以及混凝土浇筑过程中的应力、应变和位移监测；相应的塔柱混凝土墙体结构变形监测；横梁排架的立杆垂直度和位移监测。通过监测结果与原型荷载试验中获取的基础数据的比较分析表明：在施工过程中，横梁混凝土支撑体系安全可靠，应力、应变和位移等监测指标均满足设计要求，能够保证横梁混凝土的顺利浇筑。同时，本工程在安全监测方面建立的方案与技术体系可为其他同类工程的安全监测提供参考和借鉴。

关键词：三峡升船机安全监测横梁支撑系统贝雷架